Development of Metal–Organic Framework-Based Nanocomposites for Selective Gas Separation and Carbon Capture Applications

Abstract

The rapid increase in greenhouse gas emissions resulting from industrialization, fossil fuel combustion, and energy-intensive manufacturing processes has intensified global concerns regarding climate change and environmental sustainability. Carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) constitute the primary greenhouse gases responsible for global warming and atmospheric pollution. Conventional gas separation technologies, including cryogenic distillation, pressure swing adsorption, membrane separation, and chemical absorption using amine solutions, often suffer from high energy consumption, limited selectivity, solvent degradation, corrosion, and substantial operational costs. Consequently, there is an urgent need for advanced porous materials capable of achieving highly efficient, selective, and energy-efficient gas separation and carbon capture. Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs), characterized by exceptionally high surface area, tunable pore structures, adjustable chemical functionality, and excellent adsorption properties, have emerged as one of the most promising classes of porous materials for next-generation gas separation technologies. Nevertheless, the practical implementation of pristine MOFs is often limited by inadequate mechanical stability, moisture sensitivity, and processing challenges